tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52710794632085900642024-03-14T11:50:19.940-07:00Nez PerceAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-44132035242092295142014-05-05T22:46:00.000-07:002014-05-05T22:46:12.480-07:00References<b>Documentary Film</b>:<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJTeIoRGBWw">Nez Perce- Portait of a People</a><br />
<br />
<b>Websites:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.nezperce.org/">http://www.nezperce.org</a><br />
<a href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/npnht/">http://www.fs.usda.gov/npnht/</a><br />
<a href="http://www.nps.gov/nepe/index.htm">http://www.nps.gov/nepe/index.htm</a><br />
<a href="http://nezperce.lili.org/">http://nezperce.lili.org</a><br />
<a href="http://www.npchistsoc.org/index.html">http://www.npchistsoc.org/index.html</a><br />
<a href="http://www.indians.org/articles/nez-perce-indians.html">http://www.indians.org/articles/nez-perce-indians.html</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_people">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_people</a><br />
<a href="http://www.native-languages.org/">http://www.native-languages.org</a><br />
<a href="http://www.nptfisheries.org/">http://www.nptfisheries.org</a><br />
<a href="http://www.nezpercehorseinfo.com/">http://www.nezpercehorseinfo.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.dreamerhorsefarm.com/nez-perce-horse/">http://www.dreamerhorsefarm.com/nez-perce-horse/</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ebird.org/">http://www.ebird.org</a><br />
<a href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/">http://www.allaboutbirds.org</a><br />
<a href="http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Le-Pa/Nez-Perc.html#b">http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Le-Pa/Nez-Perc.html#b</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ancestral.com/cultures/north_america/pacific_northwest.html">http://www.ancestral.com/cultures/north_america/pacific_northwest.html</a><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhySzA0hvzaj05t0QN3LU1KfRXoFmYUmaPhw4TBP9ul78in_0ef2oUzqmdVoUPepxe8ds347tFKkRIcEJUXtvwcy8bHAuVPubQuhMkQlXJhFtXPf-AX_wDssA8tOWZAWYgltg_M4cVsVr0/s1600/warriors.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhySzA0hvzaj05t0QN3LU1KfRXoFmYUmaPhw4TBP9ul78in_0ef2oUzqmdVoUPepxe8ds347tFKkRIcEJUXtvwcy8bHAuVPubQuhMkQlXJhFtXPf-AX_wDssA8tOWZAWYgltg_M4cVsVr0/s1600/warriors.jpg" height="151" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nez Perce Warriors - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.dreamerhorsefarm.com/">www.dreamerhorsefarm.com</a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-83297995174016637712014-05-05T22:34:00.002-07:002014-05-05T22:34:16.266-07:00Food and Fry Bread Recipe<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRAFwN7qzxxk6eNm-BYCGYm9m8eAbdX0xPoRbd4JO8ExydbYjlcxpL9_1jhvZxWjfBXXFZ8iQSw7nc873OLyNfplKc5CNkLCJG37QChxC2bQQ5M6iIPRDPElEly8qlG21SwZvF_2LBuqs/s1600/jerky.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRAFwN7qzxxk6eNm-BYCGYm9m8eAbdX0xPoRbd4JO8ExydbYjlcxpL9_1jhvZxWjfBXXFZ8iQSw7nc873OLyNfplKc5CNkLCJG37QChxC2bQQ5M6iIPRDPElEly8qlG21SwZvF_2LBuqs/s1600/jerky.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">Meat Being Made Into Jerky - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.pinchxeverything.blogspot.com/">www.pinchxeverything.blogspot.com</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Nez Perce
fished and hunted year round for food. They often fished in the Columbia River
for salmon, which was their favorite fish to eat. Along with fishing, they
hunted deer, elk, birds and other small animals. In order to save their stock
of meat from spoiling they usually turned their meat supply into jerky. They
would cut their meat up into strips and then dry it out in the sun. The Nez
Perce also picked berries and roots. Kouse, or cowish, is an edible root they
harvested. It is said to taste like turnips. The white settlers referred to
kouse as the “biscuit root” because they thought it tasted like stale biscuits.
Another root harvested and eaten by the Nez Perce were camas bulbs. The
abundance of the camas root was the origin of the name of a local prairie,
Camas Prairie. They would steam the camas bulb by applying water to a fire
below the bulbs. Sometimes the Nez Perce would apply roots that they harvested
to water and make tea. Camas tea was a popular drink among them. Also eaten was
flat bread, which is flat dough that was fried in oil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although there
seemed to be an abundance of food, the Nez Perce faced a period of famine and
starvation in the 19<sup>th</sup> century when the white man drove them from
their land. Today, the Nez Perce is not as healthy as they once were. Fast and
processed foods have infiltrated their naturally organic diets. The once lean
and strong Nez Perce now face a high percentage of obesity. Alcoholism is also
prevalent within their tribe. Today about 30% of the Nez Perce are obese while
about 19% of them are dependent upon alcohol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Fry Bread
Recipe</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2
Cups of Flower<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 Teaspoons of
Baking Powder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">½ Teaspoon of
Salt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 Tablespoon of
Sunflower Oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">¾ Cup of Water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGK32ajuPjgCeRL7Xu6vrOYVvGDFmFD2_Fa2LJrgCoXv7E53Qoe93rqMdYR0gjlmuXdXe10e-jVpYx-4uVmfPd5D_ahT_FMLoZmp5GeJOv1DkG0909Na_W9KtNtTnFT0hTbJHH2xJ7LzI/s1600/frybread.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGK32ajuPjgCeRL7Xu6vrOYVvGDFmFD2_Fa2LJrgCoXv7E53Qoe93rqMdYR0gjlmuXdXe10e-jVpYx-4uVmfPd5D_ahT_FMLoZmp5GeJOv1DkG0909Na_W9KtNtTnFT0hTbJHH2xJ7LzI/s1600/frybread.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fry Bread - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/">www.fs.usda.gov</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mix the dry
ingredients together in a large mixing bowl, then add the oil and water and mix
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sticky and mix the dough with your hands until it is stretchy, but not sticky.
Do not use a lot of flour or the dough will get heavy. When it is smooth, pull
off a clump of the dough about the size of a plum and roll it into a ball with
your hands. Squeeze the dough ball gently between your hands until it is flat.
Then, gently pull the dough to stretch it out until it is thin. It you cannot
get it stretched thin, lay it on a surface dusted with flour and roll it flat
with a rolling pin. Punch a hole through the center with your thumb. This hole
will help the bread cook evenly. Drop the dough in a few inches of hot canola
or peanut oil. When one side turns a light brown, turn it over with two forks
or a long metal spatula and cook the other side. Put the hot bread on a plate covered
with a paper towel to drain and cool. If you like, you can sprinkle the bread
with powdered sugar or drizzle it with honey.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpCQX5rj3IYIQIArQF2J8819z6X6snI716jrcxywfLTbWIxnzA-tkPJQT-Cu35iZ2G8fpZUBcz7u6_TN-ke9kyJcXLCnKRgIk1BQYkHLPz-wSbfobWDFwxVHQb-znRKDvzmuAb5Nrd9M/s1600/frybread2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpCQX5rj3IYIQIArQF2J8819z6X6snI716jrcxywfLTbWIxnzA-tkPJQT-Cu35iZ2G8fpZUBcz7u6_TN-ke9kyJcXLCnKRgIk1BQYkHLPz-wSbfobWDFwxVHQb-znRKDvzmuAb5Nrd9M/s1600/frybread2.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">Fry Bread - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.thepioneerwoman.com/">www.thepioneerwoman.com</a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recipe Source: <a href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/npnht/learningcenter/?cid=stelprdb5312571">http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/npnht/learningcenter/?cid=stelprdb5312571</a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-51671677883818944542014-05-05T21:52:00.001-07:002014-05-05T21:52:29.446-07:00Ceremonies, Rituals and Music<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih5QL_gtWlPZQQRhA7UwR0lNa2jfQtOrJuVb5VkXmX3BPfzQ9VwpijH_WRA-VY-P5R1WAAaS3W-t6zycCjj2b-__LlMAx_5_r0re9nBaKz3YRG-UlWv8OeNrbaHNwZYv9uR6oDZBoGMuQ/s1600/wardance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih5QL_gtWlPZQQRhA7UwR0lNa2jfQtOrJuVb5VkXmX3BPfzQ9VwpijH_WRA-VY-P5R1WAAaS3W-t6zycCjj2b-__LlMAx_5_r0re9nBaKz3YRG-UlWv8OeNrbaHNwZYv9uR6oDZBoGMuQ/s1600/wardance.jpg" height="257" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">War Dance Ceremony - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.sirismm.si.edu/">www.sirismm.si.edu</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Nez Perce
practice many different kinds of ceremonies and rituals for many different
reasons. These ceremonies have been part of their culture for many years.
Generation after generation certain ceremonial traditions are passed down. Some
reasons the Nez Perce have a ceremony include the changing of seasons, births,
deaths, puberty, marriage, and harvests. During these ceremonies the Nez Perce
sing, dance and play music. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some traditional
rituals practiced by the Nez Perce may seem odd to us now. For instance, they
would avoid tying knots because whatever they are trying represents the
umbilical cord and prevents it from knotting up in the womb. Also, when the
baby is born they will take their umbilical cord, sew it into a pouch and
attach that to the baby’s cradle. Large ceremonies of gifts, singing, dancing,
music, and food are held for births and for the naming of the baby. When a baby
is born they are given many gifts and the Nez Perce believe that if they name
the baby after a well known member of their tribe, the baby will gain the same
traits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The most
important ceremony practiced by the Nez Perce was the Winter Spirit Dance.
Young boys and girls who found their weyekin in the mountain will come back to
the tribe and take part in this dance. They will sing in hopes of merging with
their weyekin and becoming one. These youth often sing their weyekin’s song,
which is usually all improvised, in the hopes to establish good health, safety,
strength and skill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Nez Perce
also practiced death rituals. As soon as an individual passed away close female
relatives would begin wailing and sobbing. This is customary. The dead
individual’s face will be painted red and the body will be washed and clothed
in a new outfit before being buried the following day. The deceased will most
likely be buried with most of their valuables and even if the deceased had a
favorite horse that horse can be killed and buried nearby. The spouse of the
deceased would cut their hair very short and refuse to smile while they were
mourning. This mourning process would last a rather long time. When the process
ended they would be given a new outfit to wear and could eventually remarry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNTjjBj2Qls8F42Miopauk0hjiV2TljJcSai-db6B1suP_imNf9QyOsVQ5dfmlBfJO3BTEbcuxOmoAexwyOGSJekSNxiVhHaAthtxE3dJIl704eqP715xoSIXWCBBDAxaAZoSBK_eHIQ/s1600/flute.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNTjjBj2Qls8F42Miopauk0hjiV2TljJcSai-db6B1suP_imNf9QyOsVQ5dfmlBfJO3BTEbcuxOmoAexwyOGSJekSNxiVhHaAthtxE3dJIl704eqP715xoSIXWCBBDAxaAZoSBK_eHIQ/s1600/flute.jpg" height="186" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nez Perce Flute - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.wildhorsemtnflutes.com/">www.wildhorsemtnflutes.com</a></span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Along with gift
giving, dancing and food, music was a very important part of Nez Perce ceremonies.
Their music was most often improvised and impromptu. The singing was also
improvised and usually consisted of sighs, moans, yelling and even animal
noises. Flutes and percussion instruments are mostly used in Nez Perce music. Flutes
with six finger holes were made out of elderberry stems and other whistles were
made from Eagle bones. They also used a wooden rod to tap out a rhythmic beat. An
instrument called a Rasp consisted of a bone scrapping against a serrated
stick. Eventually, in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, hand drums replaced the
Rasp. Over time, the hand drums grew in size and by 1890 the Nez Perce used a
drum that was played by 8 people. Also used during ceremonies, mostly by
shamans, were rattles made of deer hooves, which were eventually replaced by
beers traded to them from the white man.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Fbi-mM7pYCq2BStxOfjgKabWftZsP9NEWkGKrGfxiSu-5t_8xU2WE1TTLW0DOxIdMFcQb75zr21Njz7TGdcg6L6ZkiZBDN9YPv_hKecELBNKjjylQfiX0UcqyGZkpdwY5ivRIjRgsUo/s1600/rattle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Fbi-mM7pYCq2BStxOfjgKabWftZsP9NEWkGKrGfxiSu-5t_8xU2WE1TTLW0DOxIdMFcQb75zr21Njz7TGdcg6L6ZkiZBDN9YPv_hKecELBNKjjylQfiX0UcqyGZkpdwY5ivRIjRgsUo/s1600/rattle.jpg" height="283" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nez Perce Rattle - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.liveauctioneers.com/">www.liveauctioneers.com</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other important
ceremonies include the Prophet Dance, the Gathering Camas Root Ceremony, the
Salmon Harvest Ceremony, the First Hunt Ceremony, and the First Harvest
Ceremony.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com35tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-19256758295089006832014-05-05T20:18:00.001-07:002014-05-05T20:18:28.709-07:00Historical Preservation and Cultural Survival<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCrvCB8par7iHpXM12i6qrmvsgg6EHYn51l0P1vC8wdjQUahfXsMdJ3lXVDBawH_qmbDOsxn5Ne_QlHtnQKxYEG86hFh6buvuXiID8UgTs_yXSk95dw33pKk_21zjx-EgROqXcPWc_JPk/s1600/histpix.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCrvCB8par7iHpXM12i6qrmvsgg6EHYn51l0P1vC8wdjQUahfXsMdJ3lXVDBawH_qmbDOsxn5Ne_QlHtnQKxYEG86hFh6buvuXiID8UgTs_yXSk95dw33pKk_21zjx-EgROqXcPWc_JPk/s1600/histpix.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Collection of Historical Photos - Photo Source: <a href="http://nezperce.lili.org/">http://nezperce.lili.org</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Nez Perce
are very active today in preserving their history and culture. There are
several organizations dedicated to the task of preservation. Preservation also
takes place on an individual level. In 1994 some Nez Perce began breeding
horses in an attempt to revive an almost dead tradition of horse breeding and
horsemanship. The Nez Perce Horse and it’s breeding is now an integral part of
their culture and a prime example of how their preserving their culture on a
more individual level. Several organizations exist with the purpose of
preserving Nez Perce culture and history. The Nez Perce County Historical Society
and Museum operates to preserve their history and share it with others. The Nez
Perce Community Library offers references that inform and keep their culture
and history alive. The Nez Perce National Historical Park boasts the beautiful
geography of their land and offers it from the viewpoint of it’s ancestral
inhabitants. Also, The Nez Perce National Historic Trail preserves the route
the Nez Perce took to Canada in an attempt to flee from the U.S. military in
the late 19<sup>th</sup> century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTjsqHqCWPrGB0EHqXyxzQ2AvJ7yADabaHRB6TVHE66S2sgJmq75arSLkTtOfDMPEQ35CmOSwpyQsVM7x4opuXPnmXX_KgzS7f8jdboq0RGqOElOY9bwU98j1hmpKoL9FLBBMdoqtGQnM/s1600/museum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTjsqHqCWPrGB0EHqXyxzQ2AvJ7yADabaHRB6TVHE66S2sgJmq75arSLkTtOfDMPEQ35CmOSwpyQsVM7x4opuXPnmXX_KgzS7f8jdboq0RGqOElOY9bwU98j1hmpKoL9FLBBMdoqtGQnM/s1600/museum.jpg" height="97" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">Nez Perce County Historical Society and Museum - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.npchistsoc.org/index.html">http://www.npchistsoc.org/index.html</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Nez Perce
County Historical Society and Museum is a perfect example of how the Nez Perce
people are preserving their history and culture today. The museum houses
artifacts and displays of many different events and topics including The Nez
Perce War of 1877, agriculture, industry, World War I, The Great Depression and
World War II. Also available are historic books and publications. The Nez Perce
County Historical Society offers information on their land’s geology, interactions
with Lewis and Clark, the construction and operation of the Camas Prairie
Railroad and stories regarding the days of pioneers. Also, The Nez Perce
Community Library is available to all who want to check out books on Nez Perce
history and culture. Available through the library is the Nez Perce Reading
Group and profiles on local Nez Perce authors. The library also runs a family
history profile program where, for a fee, an expert will research the roots of
a local Nez Perce family. These profiles are publicly displayed in the
community library. Along with many books the library also holds catalogs of
historical photographs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Nez Perce
have always felt connected to the Earth and have done their best to protect it.
This is commemorated at the Nez Perce National Historical Park. Here, you can
inquire into the stories and history of the Nez Perce, who over thousands of
years lived on this land. The park offers artifacts, tours and historical sites
where one can really gain insight into the land of the Nez Perce. The Nez Perce
Historical Park is enormous and offers several unique experiences. The park
stretches across four states and boasts 38 sites such as Big Hole National
Battlefield and Bear Paw National Battlefield. There is a visitor center that
houses artifacts and displays as well as several outdoor activities. Some
outdoor activities include the coyote creation story being told on a hike,
canoe trips, national battlefields, and several other hiking trails. Not only
does the Nez Perce National Historical Park offer interesting information and
activities, but it also explains and preserves the history and culture of the
Nez Perce people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The long trek
north to Canada by the Nez Perce in 1877 was a major event in Nez Perce
history. More than 1,170 miles they traveled while being pursued by the United
States military from June to October of 1877. This trail has been preserved for
the informative opportunity to relive that northern flight. The trail offers
many events such as hikes and horseback riding. There is also a learning center
that gives information on nature, science, Nez Perce history and culture and
outdoor safety. Thankfully, with these fantastic organizations and the efforts
of the Nez Perce people, their history and culture will be preserved for
another thousand years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHkIvmLe9OFR7q-VXwErXKNLAguuN1dM8jBLbK620c_0aPkU4SLVTszlzc65_I2UvdMN7I_4jjkako-kEhC7MyrNSDn2OG7qJRXsMDINEIFd7reMMpXr8L6vyFx72eRye5bWF-sGGuFD4/s1600/bearpaw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHkIvmLe9OFR7q-VXwErXKNLAguuN1dM8jBLbK620c_0aPkU4SLVTszlzc65_I2UvdMN7I_4jjkako-kEhC7MyrNSDn2OG7qJRXsMDINEIFd7reMMpXr8L6vyFx72eRye5bWF-sGGuFD4/s1600/bearpaw.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bear Paw Battlefield - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.nps.gov/nepe/index.htm">http://www.nps.gov/nepe/index.htm</a></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-70877587487356884582014-05-05T00:48:00.000-07:002014-05-05T00:48:11.345-07:00Migration and Diaspora<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIv3XvAk62Ah5XMZdQTb6iP3xO6eDMh0-EWm7GvdTEA2hvDe5CM-9YgW6mgX7CjzKP05rxH2dfsTnZGM1VkWUkoszwQ213k9l2nlPeLMnXcA86DZM9uNd9sEOl6alSG2Z-VoZHTV-tfik/s1600/migration.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIv3XvAk62Ah5XMZdQTb6iP3xO6eDMh0-EWm7GvdTEA2hvDe5CM-9YgW6mgX7CjzKP05rxH2dfsTnZGM1VkWUkoszwQ213k9l2nlPeLMnXcA86DZM9uNd9sEOl6alSG2Z-VoZHTV-tfik/s1600/migration.gif" height="320" width="311" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Migration Path & Settlement Area of the Old Cordilleran Culture - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.ancestral.org/">www.ancestral.org</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ancestry of the Nez Perce stretch back thousands of
years. Experts believe that they are the descendants of the Old Cordilleran
Culture, also known as the Cascade Phase, which dates back to 6,000 – 4,000
B.C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Humans have lived in the Columbia Plateau region dating back
to 30,000 B.C. The first documented group of humans living there is called the
Clovis Culture. They lived from 10,000 B.C. to 9.000 BC. The Clovis Culture is
famous for their fluted point spearheads, which are highly collectable and sell
for great sums of money. They were a nomadic culture that shared the land with
animals such as wooly bison, ground sloths and camels. They hunted mastodon and
mammoth avidly. So much were they hunted that they eventually went extinct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next phase of humans are called the Windust Phase and
they lived from 9,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C. These early humans were semi-nomadic.
Some of them were extensively migratory, while others began living in stone
shelters and open camps. They hunted elk, deer and other small animals. It is
even during this time that salmon fishing begins. Evidence shows that the first
humans that fished for salmon did so around 6,500 B.C. near the Columbia River.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Windust Phase eventually ended and gave birth to the
Cascade Phase, or the Old Cordilleran Culture. The Old Cordilleran Culture is
thought to have originated in Alaska and migrated south in the present day
Northeast United States. They went as far south as California and as far east
as Idaho. These humans were the first to settle in the land that will
eventually be that of the Nez Perce tribe. They used a leaf-shaped spear point
for hunting and other uses. Their spears were very similar to the spears used
during the Windust Phase, but those of the Old Cordilleran Culture began
sharpening a side for food processing uses. Humans of this phase also fished
and hunted, mostly for deer and bison. They also started harvesting berries,
roots and other plants to eat. They spoke a Macro-Penutian language and created
the oldest known examples of art in the Northeast Pacific. This abstract
petroglyph dates back to 4,800 B.C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eventually, the Nez Perce culture emerged. By that time this
group of humans were already inhabiting a 17 million acres of land that covers
four states: Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaxJgV2ij_n1_oS0Vz8uHhuOcl5ET4vyBy6H8EelDa2zB0KU7wJHwJmMuQe8VKUkO4dqxiW2v9DBL8yUiNSYaFInwK6He4pyPpmVuFrvkR-J2dDgGFRtUv9k3_dKB4TakMUUjr8plbG-I/s1600/spear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaxJgV2ij_n1_oS0Vz8uHhuOcl5ET4vyBy6H8EelDa2zB0KU7wJHwJmMuQe8VKUkO4dqxiW2v9DBL8yUiNSYaFInwK6He4pyPpmVuFrvkR-J2dDgGFRtUv9k3_dKB4TakMUUjr8plbG-I/s1600/spear.jpg" height="157" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Spearheads from the Cascade Phase - <a href="http://www.lithiccastinglab.com/">www.lithiccastinglab.com</a></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-33804949764439159632014-05-04T23:17:00.006-07:002014-05-04T23:59:49.726-07:00Birds<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Birds are very abundant in the Nez Perce’s land. They are
mentioned in myths and appear in their clothing and imagery. Also, it is known
for some to have birds as a spirit guardian or weyekin. The word for bird in
their language is “wi’wit.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ebird.org/">www.ebird.org</a> list these species to be the most common in Nez
Perce, Idaho:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhLhg5srLQ7fwgn1IU_1L6VTCIfaPSO8G2j0Wo0DtF_7rMLa6uAm07SD-4HkwXgtyw3q994S1Nw9hKu1H4Tbw6x1n_rn_cUFKEi4DgV37vwbcdUzDxxHdWCBL2ylA_x4qRj1aeqx-iJb0/s1600/mallard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhLhg5srLQ7fwgn1IU_1L6VTCIfaPSO8G2j0Wo0DtF_7rMLa6uAm07SD-4HkwXgtyw3q994S1Nw9hKu1H4Tbw6x1n_rn_cUFKEi4DgV37vwbcdUzDxxHdWCBL2ylA_x4qRj1aeqx-iJb0/s1600/mallard.jpg" height="206" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Male & Female Mallards - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/">www.allaboutbirds.org</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Mallard</b>: Also known as a Wild Duck, male mallards, called
Drakes, have a shiny green head with a brown chest and back. Their wings and
belly are grey and have orange feet. Females are a speckled light and dark
brown and also have orange feet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjakdaXx_nUVQSX_js-FQXJKtAHZ-J_1aVcPG16vsjrJHLilkWApE8-6Q-QdsTuQMkWLpUfX0sOTWwDWfe6KxfGteZnLZSfsqFoVWyg3RVlLQNfa7-TLVXCfoxyRnP5PTTPQeGG0fGSKow/s1600/barrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjakdaXx_nUVQSX_js-FQXJKtAHZ-J_1aVcPG16vsjrJHLilkWApE8-6Q-QdsTuQMkWLpUfX0sOTWwDWfe6KxfGteZnLZSfsqFoVWyg3RVlLQNfa7-TLVXCfoxyRnP5PTTPQeGG0fGSKow/s1600/barrow.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Male & Female Barrow's Goldeneyes - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/">www.allaboutbirds.org</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Barrow’s Goldeneye</b>: The Barrow’s Goldeneye is a duck that
was named after English statesman, Sir John Barrow. Males are black with white
spots. Their heads have a blue shine to them. Females are also white and brown,
but with a yellow bill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xLCNNVx3KNoaD-xjVlH-HyNf0dFME6adL0nLXgtZ6pOvS430_iHwMwnNcwO_YfIHdUhNpAkcxWf8XtWjDzBxxA83dvwDbaf5GHFHrzPSdwo5wa3vIirkbp9j7Svcz5agGdt6pYpbJCY/s1600/goose.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xLCNNVx3KNoaD-xjVlH-HyNf0dFME6adL0nLXgtZ6pOvS430_iHwMwnNcwO_YfIHdUhNpAkcxWf8XtWjDzBxxA83dvwDbaf5GHFHrzPSdwo5wa3vIirkbp9j7Svcz5agGdt6pYpbJCY/s1600/goose.jpg" height="320" width="292" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Goose - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/">www.allaboutbirds.org</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Canadian Goose</b>: The Canadian Goose is a very common species
found in the Northern United States and Canada. It has a black bill and head
with white where their head meets their neck. Their neck is long. Their body is
brown and white.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnhaZiQLc9hUk-ph39rtsX1PHhpxYdPxWxuJI8DU4c7gp1hyphenhyphenpJ5NVXFp7OT9NCpCDSaMv7uClDt_IAp3dzlsRNoXW-dH0uqBTpxOaOi9IIL4Uj7nD134Z2eFEp7U5D-VfHZReWfzEcen4/s1600/pigeon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnhaZiQLc9hUk-ph39rtsX1PHhpxYdPxWxuJI8DU4c7gp1hyphenhyphenpJ5NVXFp7OT9NCpCDSaMv7uClDt_IAp3dzlsRNoXW-dH0uqBTpxOaOi9IIL4Uj7nD134Z2eFEp7U5D-VfHZReWfzEcen4/s1600/pigeon.jpg" height="204" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rock Pigeon - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.northwestbirding.com/">www.northwestbirding.com</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Rock Pigeon</b>: These pigeons are known to use cliffs and rocks
to roost and mate, hence their name. They are grey with a green and purple tint on their
neck. They have two black bars on their grey wings and the tips are also black.
Their eyes and feet are orange.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQEYMdWs5OiFouTo_5DCzd6xvqdm4SDoS9QsHiG4Jdb9JmudLpr9zTzzmDrtfypPlNtCQOxToil8u3hW4wQ61qG669vXJrdrZlx68heZXnz5WMeowvm6jGgzP9NP0KzKlJHdWfMbf_2k/s1600/TundraSwan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQEYMdWs5OiFouTo_5DCzd6xvqdm4SDoS9QsHiG4Jdb9JmudLpr9zTzzmDrtfypPlNtCQOxToil8u3hW4wQ61qG669vXJrdrZlx68heZXnz5WMeowvm6jGgzP9NP0KzKlJHdWfMbf_2k/s1600/TundraSwan.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Tundra Swan - Photo Source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">en.wikipedia.org</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Tundra Swan</b>: The Tundra Swan is all white with black feet and a predominately
black bill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht-eOfwXRSQtdxuDDsZF3O0pQNKvyTp-s7bjzNjatiJ57KnwIvvUmkCTPgTox9Obqb-W5lErWjvc7KBvn2sPKG2BtQFyTEvJN0OUrGW9dx8jcuWhlmekcywj2rr8PNOzL21A__K5P4sTg/s1600/BarnSwallow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht-eOfwXRSQtdxuDDsZF3O0pQNKvyTp-s7bjzNjatiJ57KnwIvvUmkCTPgTox9Obqb-W5lErWjvc7KBvn2sPKG2BtQFyTEvJN0OUrGW9dx8jcuWhlmekcywj2rr8PNOzL21A__K5P4sTg/s1600/BarnSwallow.jpg" height="204" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barn Swallow - Photo Source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">en.wikipedia.org</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Barn Swallow</b>: The Barn Swallow is the most wide spread swallow in the world. They are blue with with red on their face, a white belly and a deep forked tail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpsxqPEMi8k__zW96lidNMuTRbEuuGL1xB_R4CfMYsdaU73T4nNyZPuDF9rmApj7Qr4RYwa2H3ielyAfNR9T87tWF6DlMh9U_nDmUOy-iXPS1ar-gFU0HgLhy5oA23jPv5yT52EsiXp38/s1600/shoveler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpsxqPEMi8k__zW96lidNMuTRbEuuGL1xB_R4CfMYsdaU73T4nNyZPuDF9rmApj7Qr4RYwa2H3ielyAfNR9T87tWF6DlMh9U_nDmUOy-iXPS1ar-gFU0HgLhy5oA23jPv5yT52EsiXp38/s1600/shoveler.jpg" height="241" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Male & Female Northern Shoveler - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.bentler.us/">www.bentler.us</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Northern Shoveler</b>: Known as the “shoveler” for their large
beaks that they use to shovel through soil to find food. Males are bright
green, white and blue. The females are normally a dull speckled brown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhosqZ2NQm4CzzZOCneFyHryGrN1usdvipxnN6zcTg9NTwNvSXN7xWPwoORDAJ_YGwCZbIm4J1gTknZaB-oUAhUO5i0wECSm2Hp8QHRUAPiB1x1y5e4FidMSHDAobrLg6kadF1LTUOI8_I/s1600/CedarWaxwing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhosqZ2NQm4CzzZOCneFyHryGrN1usdvipxnN6zcTg9NTwNvSXN7xWPwoORDAJ_YGwCZbIm4J1gTknZaB-oUAhUO5i0wECSm2Hp8QHRUAPiB1x1y5e4FidMSHDAobrLg6kadF1LTUOI8_I/s1600/CedarWaxwing.jpg" height="320" width="319" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cedar Waxwing - Photo Source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">en.wikipedia.org</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Cedar Waxwing</b>: The Cedar Waxwing is a mix of yellow, orange, brown, grey, white with a
black mask. Named for it’s wax-like wing tips. Small clusters of red wax-like
droplets form on the tips of their wings. They breed in area, but migrate to
the south during the winter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRcno544VDIZF5lVOtr-yFCuUz0jyYj0gozlSKq3AFBk4OqhYN0SaO11cdIsWATO7vJnUQtJeo0pwFrlWsoLEdX0whjjC4IBtphBctdn766tPWY8EGTiCjqqprXc8C2nvMYU0UdI8MXHo/s1600/AmericanAvocet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRcno544VDIZF5lVOtr-yFCuUz0jyYj0gozlSKq3AFBk4OqhYN0SaO11cdIsWATO7vJnUQtJeo0pwFrlWsoLEdX0whjjC4IBtphBctdn766tPWY8EGTiCjqqprXc8C2nvMYU0UdI8MXHo/s1600/AmericanAvocet.jpg" height="228" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American Avocet - Photo Source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">en.wikipedia.org</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>American Avocet</b>: Also known as Blue Shanks, They have long thin grey legs, black
and white feathers and a rusty red neck. This bird is protected under the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some other birds that are commonly found throughout the land
of the Nez Perce include: the Bufflehead, the Common Redpoll, the European
Starling, the California Gull, the Common Goldeneye, the Violet-Green Swallow,
Vaux’s Swift, the Horned Lark and many others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-50043877176103416932014-05-04T22:18:00.002-07:002014-05-04T23:41:05.235-07:00Cosmos: Religion, Mythology and Philosophy<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs1bf0sZGUgl21vi8xcP-_WfBP8fGCkd0Brt0y1sC5YCWW6HOoZz3CAZZSVjRgISBIlhQKHRTyHN6EUQFeKizwzqGEaR7uyms05Z9TVFfArL1ABKtR82EdW_mJAYYZbD1qLxYX7MuBKig/s1600/creation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs1bf0sZGUgl21vi8xcP-_WfBP8fGCkd0Brt0y1sC5YCWW6HOoZz3CAZZSVjRgISBIlhQKHRTyHN6EUQFeKizwzqGEaR7uyms05Z9TVFfArL1ABKtR82EdW_mJAYYZbD1qLxYX7MuBKig/s1600/creation.jpg" height="320" width="241" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Coyote Creating Mankind - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.lib.uidaho.edu/">www.lib.uidaho.edu</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Nez Perce had a strong tradition of
spirituality. Before the intervention of the white man, the Nez Perce used
mythology to explain life, nature and the supernatural. Nature, to them, was
very important. The Nez Perce believed that the Earth was part of their body
and therefore, they belonged to the land from which they came. They believed
that the Earth was their mother and that the Great Spirit, or Hanyawat, was the
maker of all things. Hanyawat was the Chief Spirit, an almighty proprietor and
creator of the universe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Everything on Earth, and otherwise, was
created and placed there by the Great Spirit. Therefore, it was the
responsibility of the Nez Perce to take care of the Earth and protect it. They
believed that by leading an Earth-conscious life they would live on after death
in an afterworld. Another way of reaching this afterworld is by conducting
rituals and ceremonies, which recognized, celebrated and worshiped the spirits
around them. Properly observed rituals and the protection of Earth will result
in their soul reaching the afterworld, where they will live on for eternity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Nez Perce believed in guardian
spirits called weyekins, which protect individuals from harm. A weyekin is
found by an individual in their youth and stays with them, protecting them and
giving them different strengths and attributes, until the individual’s death.
Nez Perce children, both boys and girls, around the ages of 12 or 15, are sent
into the mountains without food or weapons. They bring with them only a little
bit of water, which will sustain them until their weyekin visits them. Their
weyekin will appear in the form of an animal, usually a mammal or a bird,
either right before them or in their dreams. After a weyekin is revealed to the
child, they will bestow upon them a kind of strength or attribute. For example,
if one’s weyekin was a deer they might become quicker and more agile.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Animals are very prevalent in Nez Perce
spirituality and the same goes for their mythology. They used mythology to
explain certain unexplainable things like why the seasons change or how was
fire invented? Another big question the Nez Perce used mythology to answer was
how the world was created. Their myth explains:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">Long ago
before the existence of man, a huge monster came from the north and began
eating everything in sight. It ate all the soil, rocks, trees, and worst of
all, a lot of the animals. One day, Coyote realized that he couldn’t find any
of his friends anywhere and this made him very angry. He decided he had to stop
they monster and get his friends back. Coyote went across Snake River and up to
the highest point of the Wallowa Mountains. There he tied himself with rope and
began taunting and challenging the monster to come eat him. The monster came at
Coyote and tried to suck him into his mouth, but was unable to. Coyote’s rope
was too strong. Instead of being angry, the monster was impressed and asked
Coyote to come stay with him for a while. One day, while staying with the
monster, Coyote said that he wanted to see his friends in the monster’s belly.
The monster agreed and swallowed Coyote whole. In the monster’s belly, Coyote saw
that all of his friends were still alive and safe. He told them to get ready to
escape and they did. Coyote them set a fire in the monster’s belly and also cut
his heart. The monster died and Coyote and his friends escaped out of the
monster’s belly. Coyote then said, in honor of this event, he was going to make
a new animal and this animal was going to be human beings. He cut up parts of
the monster and threw them into the four winds and where each piece landed
(North, South, East or West) a tribe would be born. This was how all the tribes
came to be. When he was finished, Coyote’s friend Fox noticed that no tribe was
created where they stood. Nothing was left of the monster, but Coyote had an
idea. He washed the blood from his hands and sprinkled that water on the ground
below them. Coyote said, “Here on this ground I make the Nez Perce. They will
be few, but strong and pure.”</span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Coyote is a reoccurring character in their mythology as well
as other animals such as bear, fox, snake and chipmunk.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In the 19<sup>th</sup> century, with
the rising influence of the white man, the Nez Perce were introduced to
Christianity. Most believe that Canadian trappers first introduced the Nez
Perce to Christianity. Regardless who it was that first introduced it,
Christianity became a belief many Nez Perce shared. Henry Spalding was one of
the first ministers to set up a church near the Nez Perce. He saw himself as a
missionary and that it was his calling to change the Nez Perce’s savage ways.
He was a Presbyterian and was very inconsiderate of Nez Perce culture and
beliefs. Nez Perce who converted to Christianity were known by their new
Christian names. They also cut their hair short and began dressing in less
traditionally regal outfits. The rift between Christian and traditional Nez Perce
was eventually very evident. These two groups too opposing sides during the
land dispute. The Christian Nez Perce was sympathetic and intrigued by the
white man and their wealth. They gave no opposition to them when the white man
came to take their land and push them into a reservation. The traditional Nez
Perce, later to be called non-treaty Indians, fought back.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr_Og6lOOz_sqMBPTDfvVYvDJkocxHywT6FRjSKOt2RaKU3Rj66x47NnD7owzWdu4JSRTo8a8AQB7bm5mnfYUoARZ6PE6XXDKv16-BWeo1pB5scg8Q6MNbbd_2zaSfTMvrmqrdJ6VCr48/s1600/Presbyterian.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr_Og6lOOz_sqMBPTDfvVYvDJkocxHywT6FRjSKOt2RaKU3Rj66x47NnD7owzWdu4JSRTo8a8AQB7bm5mnfYUoARZ6PE6XXDKv16-BWeo1pB5scg8Q6MNbbd_2zaSfTMvrmqrdJ6VCr48/s1600/Presbyterian.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Presbyterian Missionary & Nez Perce Students - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.cantonasylumforinsaneindians.com/">www.cantonasylumforinsaneindians.com</a></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-35354907368154551212014-05-04T22:17:00.000-07:002014-05-04T23:58:35.927-07:00Cultural Landscape<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB1RY5stqeojfVx5VyC601Dyk5hdkDAbEsbOPqm546sCBXRbQtg7nwX6tCTiRNgtCa7TapePElyFDcjO9jSsr_8dw6K0eluvqijxrOlclKzkhP-y5C7x1liWQN0iCOXjbx_ZP-EuED8D8/s1600/horse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB1RY5stqeojfVx5VyC601Dyk5hdkDAbEsbOPqm546sCBXRbQtg7nwX6tCTiRNgtCa7TapePElyFDcjO9jSsr_8dw6K0eluvqijxrOlclKzkhP-y5C7x1liWQN0iCOXjbx_ZP-EuED8D8/s1600/horse.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Nez Perce Horse - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.newrider.com/">www.newrider.com</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Before any American intervention, the
Nez Perce lived across about 17 million acres of land. Their land stretched
across Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana. In the early 19<sup>th</sup>
century, the Nez Perce had over 100 villages throughout their vast land. These
villages varied in population from 50 people to around 600 people. The Nez
Perce were the largest tribe in the Columbia Plateau, boasting an impressive
12,000 people. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">One of the possible reasons for such a
large and vast amount of land is the fact that the Nez Perce was a migratory
people. For many years before American intervention, the Nez Perce were known
to travel through their 17 million acres of land. Their migration patterns are
seasonal and reliant on sources of food. The Nez Perce fished in the
Clearwater, Snake and Columbia Rivers. Mostly, they fished for salmon, which
was their favorite fish to catch. They also hunted for buffalo among other
animals. The Nez Perce would travel as far as the Great Plains of Montana and
the Pacific Coast to hunt buffalo. When the season changed and the animals
migrated, so did the Nez Perce. Like many migratory animals, the Nez Perce’s
traveling patterns were very consistent and predictable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Currently, the Nez Perce relies on a
few different ways to sustain a living. They breed horses and run fish
hatcheries along the Clearwater River.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Historically, the Nez Perce was known
as a tribe of horse-people. They have a rich history of horsemanship and horse
breeding. During the American intervention of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the
horse-related traditions were destroyed and nearly became a distant memory. In
1994 the Nez Perce tribe, with the financial help of the United States
Department of Health and Human Services and a nonprofit organizations called
the First Nations Development Institute, developed a new program and tradition
of horse breeding and horsemanship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Nez Perce Horse is a cross between
an Appaloosa horse, named for the Palouse River that runs through Nez Perce
land, and an ancient Central Asian breed called the Akhal-Teke. The Akhal-Teke
originated in Turkmenistan and is known for their stamina and beautiful coats.
The Nez Perce Horse was bred to be very fast and agile with excellent endurance
and stamina. They are also fantastic jumpers. Physically, the Nez Perce Horse
is lean with narrow shoulders and a long back. Their coats are usually spotted
and are very attractive to horse enthusiasts. A Nez Perce Horse usually sells
for between $3,000 and $5,000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
Nez Perce relies heavily on fishing for both survival and economic purposes.
The Treaty of 1855 granted the Nez Perce total fishing rights to all streams
and rivers located within the boundaries of their reservation. Although there
once was an abundance of fish in this area, the number has begun to decline in
the 20<sup>th</sup> century. In order to keep the streams and rivers located in
their reservation stocked with fish, the Nez Perce have set up several fish
hatcheries along some rivers such as the Clearwater River and the Columbia
River. According to the Department of Fisheries Resources Management website,
the Nez Perce manage and operate 20 hatcheries and 16 satellite facilities.
With the help of these hatcheries, the Nez Perce have cultivated close to 8
million juvenile fish to restock their rivers and streams.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxEx9no9dijfbBEL7oyXfLQ7FcdkS8-voJHuYS-L5pa8PKTJxcLyUTTzy4N_obdAZhq4KIscCkjn57FHA12OxW1YwAkkNrgAxdmfMDodTGzTaj-amdCcgOEgd3s3I8-x3VGTVnKqFYbXI/s1600/hatchery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxEx9no9dijfbBEL7oyXfLQ7FcdkS8-voJHuYS-L5pa8PKTJxcLyUTTzy4N_obdAZhq4KIscCkjn57FHA12OxW1YwAkkNrgAxdmfMDodTGzTaj-amdCcgOEgd3s3I8-x3VGTVnKqFYbXI/s1600/hatchery.jpg" height="241" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nez Perce Fish Hatchery - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.critfc.org/">www.critfc.org</a></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-15571494651758955582014-05-04T21:56:00.001-07:002014-05-04T23:58:23.235-07:00Homeland<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEtIHME6lh2Hcdz7L5foR-Bgm0kg95PhGNEIH3ogRCcfNnbwXe5w-93QL-X6dgeLz3DbU6hawb-arNOreZK3vY-VNfP5CFGVRJqR56u3itSF48McfptEPxn_Zw4ztuQNPtfFR7MuvQdUA/s1600/prairie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEtIHME6lh2Hcdz7L5foR-Bgm0kg95PhGNEIH3ogRCcfNnbwXe5w-93QL-X6dgeLz3DbU6hawb-arNOreZK3vY-VNfP5CFGVRJqR56u3itSF48McfptEPxn_Zw4ztuQNPtfFR7MuvQdUA/s1600/prairie.jpg" height="228" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Nez Perce Prairie - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.nps.gov/">www.nps.gov</a></span><br />
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Currently, the Nez Perce live in their
reservation located in north central Idaho and the southern part of the Idaho
panhandle. The Nez Perce Reservation stretches between four counties: Nez Perce
County, Lewis County, Clearwater County and Idaho County. Mainly, their
reservation extends throughout the Camas Prairie, with the Clearwater River
running through the north of their land.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Nez Perce live in the geographic
region known as the Columbia Plateau. The Columbia Plateau extends through
three states: Washington, Oregon and Idaho. To be more specific: southern
Washington, northern Oregon and western Idaho. The Columbia Plateau is
considered a mix of shrub steppe, cold desert, coniferous forest and prairie
biomes. In Idaho, the coniferous forests are more abundant the closer you get to
the Canadian border. The further south in Idaho you get, the more desert-like
the area becomes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Between the two, the Nez Perce
inhabited area of the Columbia Plateau is predominately prairie-land or
grassland, which is considered a shrub-steppe biome. This biome is dry and gets
very small rainfall. It is similar to a desert, but a shrub-steppe biome
receives enough rainfall and moisture to be covered by a layer of perennial
grasses and shrubbery. Some trees found in this area include Douglas Fir and
Ponderosa Pine. Along with the bluebunch wheatgrass, which is native, this area
boasts a growing area of cropland. Some crops that are predominately grown here
are wheat, barley, pees and hay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nez Perce County is about 856 square
miles and a little more than 7 square miles of that is water. The Snake River
runs to the west of the county and the Clearwater River runs through the north
of it. The Nez Perce heavily utilizes the Clearwater River for both sustenance
and economical purposes. The Nez Perce land, as stated before, receives little
rainfall, which hydrates the grassland or prairie-land, consisting of perennial
grasses and shrubbery. Their land is known as the Nez Perce Prairie and has an
elevation that varies from 2,000 to 4,100 feet with some buttes reaching up to
5,700 feet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-57688616998273027812014-03-09T19:49:00.002-07:002014-05-04T23:27:34.970-07:00History<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPdnj2uGU2VGd3afr_TQ_E1ykIot5GF6lPUJE2KWTuWkP87TMGU8PPdIo-8scmYM_uNIyMvwAxV_D8dw51q83ptGaFpHCZwKh5RXp8_CZxmpQEy_Byh6taGwsLGQjcTQjsCARaUc7Kpg/s1600/L&C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPdnj2uGU2VGd3afr_TQ_E1ykIot5GF6lPUJE2KWTuWkP87TMGU8PPdIo-8scmYM_uNIyMvwAxV_D8dw51q83ptGaFpHCZwKh5RXp8_CZxmpQEy_Byh6taGwsLGQjcTQjsCARaUc7Kpg/s1600/L&C.jpg" height="180" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-small;">Lewis & Clark Meet the Nez Perce - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.waterplanet.ws/">www.waterplanet.ws</a></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">William
Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition first encountered the Nez Perce. Lewis
and Clark were crossing the Bitterroot Mountains and running low on food. Clark
took six hunters and went ahead of the expedition to hunt. While he was out
hunting in September of 1805, Clark came across a small camp, which was
inhabited by helpful, strong, and resourceful people. This camp is located in
what is now called Weippe Prairie. Lewis and Clark found the Nez Perce to be so
impressive that they left their horses with the tribe while they continued
their expedition west by boat. Upon returning to Weippe Prairie, Lewis and
Clark recovered their well-kept horses without any incident. Lewis and Clark
wrote about these trustworthy and profound people in their journal. Although
Lewis and Clark first described the Nez Perce as resourceful, trustworthy, and
hospitable, the Nez Perce are also well known as strong warriors and brilliant
battle strategists.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Their battle savvy and will to
survive was put to the test in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. It was in the
late 19<sup>th</sup> century, after a few decades of living peacefully with new
white inhabitants, that the United States tried to push the Nez Perce off of
their ancestral land and into waiting reservations in Idaho. The reason for
this was that gold was discovered north of Weippe Prairie and brought in
several thousand potential white prospectors who settled on the Nez Perce’s
land. Instead of the Nez Perce complaining about this invasion, the prospectors
did. They complained to the United States government and asked them to push the
Nez Perce off of this land so they could mine for gold without distraction. The
government obliged and began a campaign to forcefully move the Nez Perce off
their ancestral land and into a reservation. This campaign caused a rift
between the tribe. Some Nez Perce agreed and followed the orders of the United
States by giving up their land and moving into reservations. These members of
the Nez Perce avoided war with the United States by signing a treaty in 1877.
However, the rest of the Nez Perce refused to give up their land for many
reasons including the fertility of the land, the sentimentality and history of
this ancestral land and, of course, the Treaty of Walla Walla of 1855. Pushing
the Nez Perce off of their land was in direct violation of the Treaty of Walla
Walla, but the United States did not seem to care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The remaining Nez Perce, known as
“non-treaty Indians,” planned to defend their land from the United States,
which led to a few armed and violent battles in June 1877. After these battles,
approximately 2,900 Nez Perce fled north in search of protection and safety.
They first sought safety with their allies, the Crow tribe, but the Crow tribe
refused to take them in and offer them aid. After being turned away by the
Crow, the Nez Perce attempted to flee to the sanctuary of the Lakota camp in
Canada. The Canadian camp was that of Lakota Chief Sitting Bull, who escaped
there from the military after defeating the United States at the Battle of the
Little Bighorn. Unfortunately, as the Nez Perce were attempting to flee to the
safety of Canada, over 2,000 United States soldiers were in close pursuit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Nez Perce covered about 1,200
miles and several mountains through four different states on their way to the
Lakota camp in Canada. Along the way, 18 battles were fought between the
pursuing U.S. soldiers and about 800 Nez Perce warriors, which exemplifies
their ferocity, strategy and will to survive. Over 300 soldiers were killed in
these battles. Unfortunately, about 1,000 non-treaty Nez Perce Indians, sadly
including women and children, were also killed. In October 1877 the Nez Perce
finally surrendered to the United States military near the border of Montana
and Canada. The route the Nez Perce took to find peace in Canada is now known
as the Nez Perce National Historic Trail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5271079463208590064.post-18665939639140227132014-02-10T23:12:00.001-08:002014-05-05T22:56:39.332-07:00Introduction<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1vfl-Y13GTC1Y4CjQ41YiF-tP_g7tUw3EjREp6gzhXKbJNDvEnfmvEOLUvbfwUBDZFOcJeTQfgwqkuipmmV5dBB646LWguf6i6q6E78bAI-IWlkhHH94lWHpaXxoRC-S0zQIXJLcAmjc/s1600/NezPerceTribe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1vfl-Y13GTC1Y4CjQ41YiF-tP_g7tUw3EjREp6gzhXKbJNDvEnfmvEOLUvbfwUBDZFOcJeTQfgwqkuipmmV5dBB646LWguf6i6q6E78bAI-IWlkhHH94lWHpaXxoRC-S0zQIXJLcAmjc/s1600/NezPerceTribe.jpg" height="240" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Nez Perce Flag - Photo Source: <a href="http://www.nezperce.org/">www.nezperce.org</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Located
in the Northwestern United States lives the Native American people of the Nez
Perce culture. They lived throughout the Columbia Plateau, a geological region
that stretches across parts of Washington, Oregon and Idaho. Their traditional
homeland is located in North Central Idaho, which is the location of the Nez
Perce Reservation. There is an estimated population of 3,499. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626;">The
Nez Perce’s native language is Niimiipuutimt. Their name in their native
toungue is Nimi'ipuu, which means "The People." </span><span style="color: #262626;">The name “Nez Perce” means,
“Pierced Nose” and was given to them by French speaking Canadian trappers even
though the Nez Perce did not practice the piercing of their noses. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Their current reservation is located in Idaho. It is
approximately 1,195 square miles. The Nez Perce National Historical Park,
located in Idaho on their reservation, includes a research center and library,
which boasts archives of historical documents and artifacts.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #262626;">This blog is dedicated to the Nez Perce people and their rich culture and history.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman;"><b>Index:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/03/history.html">History</a></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman;"><a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/05/homeland.html">Homeland</a></span><br />
<a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/05/cultural-landscape.html">Cultural Landcape</a><br />
<a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/05/cosmos-religion-mythology-and-philosophy.html">Cosmos: Religion, Mythology and Philosophy</a><br />
<a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/05/birds.html">Birds</a><br />
<a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/05/migration-and-diaspora.html">Migration and Diaspora</a><br />
<a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/05/historical-preservation-and-cultural.html">Historial Preservation and Cultural Survival</a><br />
<a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/05/ceremonies-rituals-and-music.html">Ceremonies, Rituals and Music</a><br />
<a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/05/food-and-fry-bread-recipe.html">Food and Fry Bread Recipe</a><br />
<a href="http://thenezperce.blogspot.com/2014/05/references.html">References</a></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14800129914313728357noreply@blogger.com0